f\en 



""^ ^ ^t the Forks of the Delaware 

1794-1811 



CHRONICLES OF EARLY TRAVEL TO EASTON 
AND NEIGHBORING PARTS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
AND NEW JERSEY, INCLUDING EXTRACTS 
FROM A HITHERTO UNTRANSLATED AND 
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT. 



BY 



RAYNER WICKERSHAM KELSEY, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR OF AMERICAN HISTORY IN HAVERFORD COLLEGE 



A Paper Read at Easton, Pennsylvania, November 13, 1919, 

BEFORE the NORTHAMPTON CoUNTY HISTORICAL 

AND Genealogical Society 



PRICE, EIGHTY-FIVE CENTS, POSTPAID 



PUBLISHED AND DISTRIBUTED BY 

THE PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY PRESS 

HAVERFORD, PENNSYLVANIA 
1920 



At the Forks of the Delaware 
1794-1811 



CHRONICLES OF EARLY TRAVEL TO EASTON 
AND NEIGHBORING PARTS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
AND NEW JERSEY, INCLUDING EXTRACTS 
FROM A HITHERTO UNTRANSLATED AND 
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT. 



BY 



RAYNER WICKERSHAM KELSEY, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR OF AMERICAN HISTORY IN HAVERFORD COLLEGE 



A Paper Read at Easton, Pennsylvania, November 13, 1919, 

BEFORE THE NORTHAMPTON COUNTY HISTORICAL 

AND Genealogical Society 



PRICE, EIGHTY-FIVE CENTS, POSTPAID 



PUBLISHED AND DISTRIBUTED BY 

THE PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY PRESS 

HAVERFORD, PENNSYLVANIA 
1920 






■••44- 



PRESS OF 

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY 

LANCASTtR, PA. 






i 



INSCRIBED TO 
MY ESTEEMED FRIEND 

FLOYD S. BIXLER 



PREFACE 

It may seem out of proportion in so brief a pam- 
phlet to provide such full paraphernalia of preface, 
table of contents, foot-notes, and index. Indeed 
note 2 is a miniature bibliography. 

All this is done for the sake of consistency. 
Having bewailed the lack of such accessories in 
other pamphlets the writer dared not omit them in 
his own. A table of contents enables the reader at 
a glance to see in their proper sequence the general 
topics of a study. An index gives instant refer- 
ence to names of people and places and to all lesser 
details. How wearily has many a research student 
waded through long pages of material to discover 
the presence or absence of something on his topic. 
Hours of time could have been saved if there had 
been an index or even a good table of contents. 
Similarly are the foot-notes and bibliography suited 
often to save the later scholar long excursions into 
blind alleys. 

So the present writer has felt compelled to prac- 
tice his own precepts. Perhaps the smallness of 
the pamphlet may make the lesson of the accessories 
more outstanding. 

A word about the body of the text. The Caze- 
nove material has never been published before. 



VI PREFACE 

The Taylor Journal was printed only recently, and 
in a magazine to which few people have access. 
The Rochefoucauld items are from a century-old 
edition of his travels, to be found only in the larger 
city and historical libraries. (See page 2, note.) 

It seemed worth while to bring this somewhat 
important material together into available and per- 
manent form. 

R. W. K. 

Haverford College, 
May, 1920 



CONTENTS 

Introducing three early travelers 1-2 

The approach to Easton in those days 2 

Remarks of Taylor and Cazenove on condi- 
tions in New Jersey 3-4 

Impressions on entering Easton 4-5 

Jacob Opp's Hotel 5-6 

Cazenove's description of people and condi- 
tions in Easton 6-8 

Industrial life as seen by Rochefoucauld . . . 8-9 
Transportation, population, and good man- 
ners 9 

The country westward from Easton 10 

The Delaware River and the new bridge. . . lo-ii 

Northward from Easton 11-13 

Belvidere and vicinity 13-14 

Conclusion 14-15 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

Easton in 1800 facing page 2 

The Old Delaware Bridge facing page 10 



Vll 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 
1794-1811 

It is a happy fact for the people of Easton and 
vicinity that, in the early days, their city was located 
on one of the principal highways between the east 
and the west, indeed on the route most used by 
emigrants from New England to the new lands of 
Ohio and Kentucky. So it was that many travelers 
passed through their city and left accounts of its 
life and appearance at various times. 

Three such accounts, that come from the period 
1794-1811, have been selected in the present in- 
stance as giving a fairly clear picture of town and 
country in that day.^ It was the period between 
the founding of the new government, under the 
Constitution (in 1789) and the outbreak of the War 
of 1812. In spite of many difficulties within and 
without America, it was on the whole a period of 
prosperity and growth for the new country under 
its new government. 

In 1794 Theophile Cazenove, a Dutchman, of 
Swiss-French descent, passed through Easton go- 
ing westward from New York. He was the first 

1 For early views of Easton, between the Revolution and 1830, see 
U. W. Condit, History of Easton (1885); W. J. Heller, Historic 
Easton (1911); Eschenbach and Weaver, Forks of the Delaware 
(1900). 



2 AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 

General Agent of the Holland Land Company in 
America and was en route to inspect lands in cen- 
tral Pennsylvania. The second traveler was the 
due de Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, a French aristo- 
crat, seeking asylum in America, as did many of his 
fellows, from the excesses of the French Revolu- 
tion. He passed through Easton, on his way from 
Philadelphia to New York, in 1797. Fourteen 
years later, in 181 1, a Rhode Island Quaker, Rowse 
Taylor, enjoyed the hospitality of the city as he 
journeyed with his family to their new home in 
eastern Ohio. From the journals of these three 
travelers, the following account is compiled.^ 

The, approach to Easton, from east or west, in 
that early day was of course by wagon road. From 
New York the traveler came wearily over a road, 
hilly and stony for the most part, and well nigh 
impassable in rainy weather. The Morris Canal 
and the railroads still belonged to the distant future. 
Except in the larger towns one must needs lodge 
often at lonely farmhouses on the roadside, whose 
proprietors earned an extra penny by entertaining 
wayfarers in quest of shelter for the night. 

2 The Journal of Theophile Cazenove is in manuscript form in the 
Library of Congress. It has been translated into English by the 
present writer and will soon be published. There are several editions 
of the Travels of Rochefoucauld-Liancourt The one used in the 
present instance is the English edition of two volumes published in 
London, 1799. The Journal of Rowse Taylor was discovered re- 
cently by the present writer in Providence, Rhode Island, and was 
printed in the Bulletin of the Friends' Historical Society (Phila.), 
vol. VIII, No. 3, and vol. IX, No. i (191&-1919). 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 3 

The western part of New Jersey was in a very 
undeveloped condition a hundred years ago, and it 
suffered by comparison with its sister state across 
the Delaware. Rowse Taylor wrote : " The Jersey 
horses are much more to be admired than Jersey 
women; indeed we saw little in that state worthy 
of admiration; the land in general is indifferent, 
and stony ; the fences are very bad ; the houses, even 
those that are otherwise elegant, are built only one 
story and a half high; most of them have several 
little awkward additions." 

Cazenove, also, complained of the houses and the 
women : " The lack of neatness and of furniture in 
the farmhouses, the lack of gardens and improve- 
ments . . . comes from the lack of taste and sensi- 
bility on the part of the farmers. The wives have 
the care of the house, and besides they have a num- 
ber of childen, 5, 6, 7, 8. So they have more work 
than they can do, with no help, except one or two 
old and dispirited colored women. That is why the 
wives are indifferent, tired. With the impossi- 
bility of having a neat or comfortable home, and the 
lack of seeing anything neat and comfortable, it is 
plain how, from father to son, is passed on this as- 
tounding indifference to the comforts of life. 
Fortunately, vanity plays its part and obliges the 
farmers' wives to be well dressed, often above their 
condition, on Sunday at church. Without the wise 
institution of a day of rest, and church service, may 



4 AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 

be the farmers' wives would never wash. This lack 
of home comfort obliges the farmer, who wants to 
enjoy himself, to go to the neighboring saloons to 
talk about politics and to drink heavily; so having 
no opportunity to use their extra money in improve- 
ments, they buy more land around, and the pride of 
being considered a large land-owner is the only 
thing that rouses them ; except for a few inland in- 
habitants, who have lived for a long time, from 
father to son, on their farms (but those of that 
kind live in or very near the cities) most of them 
have, either themselves or their fathers, come to 
America from Germany, Scotland, and especially 
Ireland, poor, from among the poorest country- 
people, and spent their first years in servitude (as 
is the custom for that class) from 2 to 6 years, and 
then become mechanics or farmers, and brought 
up their children as they were brought up." 

But enough of the bad roads, the ugly houses, the 
drinking men and the overworked women of early 
Jersey! Let us follow our Quaker emigrant as he 
ends his wilderness journey and enters the land of 
promise: "On our arrival at the Delaware we 
found a covered bridge over it 600 feet in length, 
its breadth ample, admitting of 2 carriage roads 
and sufficient room for passengers on foot ; when on 
the midst of it one might fancy himself in an im- 
mense store." 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 5 

Both Taylor and Cazenove remarked with em- 
phasis upon the beauty of primitive Easton. 
Taylor wrote : " On entering Easton, a pretty town 
on the west bank of the Delaware, the first thing 
that arrested our attention was the large horses, — 
ours looked like colts. Here all appeared civility, 
and politeness; we found at the Hotel (a large ele- 
gant brick building) excellent accommodations; the 
landlord, a well-bred man, was very attentive." 

Cazenove, the earliest traveler of the three, also 
called the town "pretty," and spoke of the fine 
arrangement of the main square and the rows of 
streets, "partly lined with good houses of blue 
stone, abundant in the neighborhood." 

Cazenove was more definite on the hotel ques- 
tion. He wrote : " Stopped at Opp's,^ at the sign 
of the Golden Swan, very good lodging." It may 
be remarked here that this traveler was a man of 
distinctive tastes. On the greater part of this 
journey he traveled with a coach and four, a valet, 
a coachman, and postilion. He also had an extra 
saddle horse along for a change when he became 
weary of his coach. He always chose the best 
hotels and was a critical judge of the service ren- 
dered. So we may judge that Opp's Golden Swan 
Hotel was a credit to Easton in its day. 

At this stage of his journey Cazenove's party 
reckoned three men and three horses, and Mr. Opp 

* Undoubtedly the reference is to Jacob Opp, who kept a hotel in 
Easton at that time. 



6 AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 

charged him about $3.90 for the night's lodging, nq 
doubt including supper and breakfast. Jacob Opp 
was no profiteer. 

Cazenove's Journal is a running account of men 
and industries in the thriving town of 1794. The 
church is large, he says, and the Lutheran and 
Presbyterian services are alternately preached, but 
both in German. There is also a large courthouse, 
and a vaulted brick building in which the county 
records are kept. The prison is not so good, for 
the traveler notes that the construction of it is such 
as to account for the frequent escapes of prisoners. 

The remainder of Cazenove's observations can- 
not be told better than in his own words : " Mr. G. 
Craig* who is its prothonotary is a handsome man, 
and Mrs. Craig gives an opportunity to notice that 
city society people, who are isolated in a little 
country-town, are the same in every country. She 
received me for tea elegantly dressed and she com- 
plained without ceasing of being deprived of the 
pleasures of Philadelphia. 

"Mr. [Samuel] Sitgreaves, who lives here, has 
just been nominated for Congress for this district, 
Northampton, Bucks, and Cumberland counties. 
He is a clever and very eloquent lawyer; his 
federalist principles kept him away from any post 
until now, but since each district must elect a repre- 

■* It is possible that Cazenove got the first initial of this name 
wrong. According to Ellis, History of Northampton County, p. 277, 
William Craig was prothonotary from 1788 to 1795. 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 7 

sentative to Congress, and there was no other to do 
credit to the county, Mifflin's party backed him for 
this election. 

"There is here a printing estabHshment of only 
one form, and which prints only a German news- 
paper that is published every Wednesday ; the sub- 
scribers pay a dollar a year, and 600 copies are de- 
livered in the city and neighborhood. The printer 
is at the same time printer, poet, and compositor. 

" In one of the stores there were many books well 
bound. They were all Bibles, Psalms and Chris 
Copp's [J. B. Koppe's?] sermons, printed in Ger- 
many, and which sell very well here and in the 
vicinity, where the people are very religious. 

" The facilities for shipping provisions from here 
to Philadelphia, by the Delaware river, bring here 
the produce of the neighborhood, especially in 
winter, when there is snow; and some merchants 
(Mr. Piersol) pay the farmers for the grain they 
bring, according to the price in Philadelphia, only 
6 cents less for a bushel. At the present time they 
pay II s. for a bushel of wheat and 60 s., or 8 
dollars, for a barrel of 180 lbs. of flour. 

"The freight from Easton to Philadelphia is 6 
cents per bushel, and ^ dollar for a barrel of flour, 
and the boats make the trip in from 24 to 30 hours. 
To go up the river takes 3 days and the 100 lb. 
weight costs y^ a dollar, which is as expensive as 
the price of the stage from Philadelphia to Easton. 



8 AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 

"There are several locations advantageous for 
mills ; in a radius of 2 miles there are 7 flour mills, 
each one working with 3 pairs of millstones. 

"Mordecai Piersol, merchant and real estate 
agent, knows the neighborhood. He also is a com- 
mission merchant in grain, asking ^%. One must 
send ^ in small notes of the 3 banks and 5^ coin. 
In December, middle of January and February, the 
best buying time — when there is a great deal of 
snow — is able to supply at least 10,000 bushels and 
store them until spring, — April or March, to go 
down the river. The storage, shipping, and 
freight to Philadelphia amount to 9 pence per 
bushel." 

Such was the life of Easton as seen by Theophile 
Cazenove in 1794. Three years later the due de 
Rochefoucauld-Liancourt added his observations 
along similar lines. According to his journal town 
lots with a twenty foot frontage, and 200 feet deep,, 
sold for $240 to $500, according to location. Farm 
lands in the vicinity ranged from $25 to $100 per 
acre, and there were many fine orchards.^ 

Laborers received from 50 to 65 cents per day; 
masons and carpenters $1.25 in the town. Meat 
was five cents per pound and board three dollars 
per week. Those were truly not the days of the 
high cost of living. 

^ Cazenove says farm land in the vicinity brought from $26 to $40 
per acre, in 1794. 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 9 

Rochefoucauld also emphasizes the milling busi- 
ness and the trade with Philadelphia. According 
to his count there were eleven good mills within 
seven miles of Easton, and 35,000 barrels of flour 
were shipped annually to Philadelphia. 

From Rochefoucauld and from other sources we 
know that Easton was at that time the market place 
for great sections of eastern Pennsylvania and 
western Jersey.^ Here grain was brought to be 
ground and shipped. Here the manufactured 
goods of America and Europe were brought on 
Durham boats, poled up the Delaware from Phila- 
delphia. So the sturdy farmers sold their grain to 
Mordecai Piersol or others of his trade, and bought 
with the proceeds such tools, clothing or trinkets as 
met their needs or fancies. 

Easton, although a busy town, was yet small in 
those days. The United States Census of 1790 
gives it a population of 692 white people, with 
eleven free negroes and five slaves. Rochefou- 
cauld, seven years later, says there were 150 
houses, mostly of stone. 

Yet what Easton lacked in size it made up in 
business activity and the good quality of its citizens. 
Rowse Taylor says : " We had occasion to call on a 
Black-smith, a saddler, a Tinman, and the Post- 
master, all of whom showed good breeding : I called 
at the Bank, even there I was treated with civility." 

^ See Condit, History of Easton, p. 158. 



10 AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 

A further glimpse of the country surrounding 
Easton may be allowed us in departing, as in the 
case of our early travelers. Bethlehem and Naza- 
reth we must not enter for lack of time because 
almost every early journal has entries of unusual 
length on those interesting places. 

According to Cazenove there was great difficulty 
in finding water on the road from Easton to Naza- 
reth, and the farmers had to dig deeply and search 
for a long time. Rochefoucauld says: "The road 
from Bethlehem to Nazareth, and from Nazareth 
to Easton, is a succession of little hills and valleys 
more or less extensive. Many situations on this 
road afford very agreeable prospects. The houses 
are numerous, and have the air of comfort." 

This day's journey for us may be closed as was 
Rochefoucauld's when he said fareweU to Easton 
more than a century ago. It will be worth while to 
follow him for a few miles because he took a direc- 
tion rather unusual in that day and can give us a 
glimpse of things usually withheld from modern 
eyes. 

"The river Delaware is, throughout, the bound- 
ary between the state of Pennsylvania and that of 
New Jersey. It is narrow at Easton, and they are 
now collecting wood to erect a bridge over it, the 
abutments of which on each side are already built : 
until it be finished, the river is crossed in a very 
good ferry-boat. Being desirous of viewing the 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE II 

banks of this river, I went so far out of my road to 
follow them. The road to Belvidere, which I took, 
is all along through the Scotch Mountains, and the 
little hills, which in this tract almost uniformly 
border the river, amidst an agreeable succession of 
large vallies, from three to six or seven miles in 
extent. The country is filled with well built houses 
pretty close together. The lands are of a good 
quality, and in a state of high cultivation ; even some 
of the declivities of the mountains are cleared, and 
are very productive. The whole of this road pre- 
sents a succession of prospects, not extensive, but 
rich and agreeable. In three or four places we lose 
entirely the little hills which border the Delaware, 
and enjoy a view towards Philadelphia, through 
vallies much more extensive, still better cultivated 
and inhabited than those of Jersey, and which is 
terminated by the Blue Mountains. These pros- 
pects are rich, varied, and delightful. The creek, 
which empties itself into the Delaware at Belvidere, 
is the only water to be found in the tract from 
Easton, which is more than fourteen miles, and the 
corn of all that district is carried to the Easton 
mills. This creek, which has a course of thirty 
miles, is at Belvidere broad and rapid. Two suc- 
cessive falls, of from fifteen to twenty feet each, 
turn corn^ and saw-mills. 

^ Throughout Rochefoucauld's account the word corn is used in 
the English sense of " grain," and undoubtedly refers to wheat and 
rye, chiefly the former. 



12 AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 

"The corn-mills send their flour to Philadelphia, 
and are supplied with grain in the neighborhood, 
where it is produced in great quantities. This 
traffic is carried on by the Delaware ; but the naviga- 
tion of that river, although it is open for an hun- 
dred and fifty miles higher, is rendered difficult and 
dangerous, from the very strong currents, and the 
number of rocks in several parts of it. There are 
two or three of these rapids between Belvidere and 
Easton, two of them two miles from Belvidere, 
called the Little and Great Falls: at the latter, in 
three quarters of a mile of its course, the river has 
a fall of twenty-nine feet. The navigable canal is 
near the shore of Pennsylvania, and is not above six 
fathoms broad. Beyond that the river is full of 
rocks, a very little depth under water, and some- 
times appearing above its surface. I was in- 
formed, that notwithstanding the rapidity of this 
current, which carries vessels at the rate of a mile 
in two minutes, and the number of rocks in its 
course, the boats are in no danger when the boat- 
men are attentive ; but it often happens that they are 
not so, but get drunk, which produces frequent acci- 
dents; for if the boat be allowed to go the least to 
one side, and be not kept carefully in the stream, it 
is inevitably driven either against the rocks or the 
bank. The rising and falling of the waters in- 
creases the danger; and besides this, the ice uni- 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 1 3 

formly stops the navigation during the winter: it 
is often impracticable in the spring, and even to the 
middle of summer. The navigation from Belvi- 
dere to Philadelphia is made in twenty-four hours, 
and it takes five or six days to go up the river from 
Philadelphia to Belvidere. Hence a hundred- 
weight, which costs only the fifth of a dollar to be 
carried to Philadelphia, costs three quarter dollars 
to be sent to Belvidere. The same applies to the 
whole navigation of the Delaware, with the differ- 
ence of the freight, according to their distance. 
The batteaux, which come down from Belvidere, 
carry seventy barrels of flour. By these the stores 
at Belvidere are supplied with dry goods and 
liquors from Philadelphia, with which they, in their 
turn, supply that part of the country which 
furnishes the corn to the mills. The price of goods 
at Belvidere is about thirty per cent, higher than 
at Philadelphia. There are at present two stores 
at Belvidere, which are said to be in a prosperous 
situation. 

"Belvidere consists of about twenty houses, but 
the number of inhabitants is annually increasing, 
and the neighborhood is very populous. It is one 
of the pleasantest situations which I have hitherto 
seen in America. The view is not very extensive, 
but it embraces a great number of gentle elevations 
on both sides of the river, and is filled with houses. 
It follows the Delaware for two miles and to the 



14 AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 

head of the Great Falls, and is bounded, at the dis- 
tance of three or four miles, by the chain of the 
Scotch mountains, along the side of which the road 
runs towards Easton. The lands in the neighbor- 
hood of Belvidere are sold at from forty to forty- 
eight dollars the acre. The town-lots, which are a 
quarter of an acre, bring at present from a hundred 
to a hundred and twenty-five dollars. The lands 
some miles farther are sold for from thirty to 
thirty-five dollars the acre, and those in Pennsyl- 
vania at the same distance are always three or four 
dollars dearer, although not of better quality than 
those in Jersey. This proceeds from the superior 
excellence of the Pennsylvania laws, the more 
flourishing state of the finances, which requires less 
taxes than in Jersey for the expenses of govern- 
ment; and, finally, from the dependence of that part 
of the state of Jersey upon Philadelphia for its sales 
and returns. 

"These motives, however, do not appear suffi- 
cient to occasion so great a difference of price be- 
tween lands of the same quality, and in the same 
situation. This difference however does exist, 
and the Pennsylvania side is by far the more 
populous." 

With this statement of the preeminence of the 
Keystone State we may bid farewell to the three 
wise men of a hundred years ago, who journeyed 
from a far country to the Forks of the Delaware, 



AT THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE 1 5 

and painted for us a picture of town and country in 
that day, and of our stalwart forebears who laid so 
well the foundations of our present prosperity and 
happiness. 



INDEX 



Banks in early East'on, 8, 9 
Belvidere, New Jersey, descrip- 
tion of, by Rochefoucauld, 

13-14 

Blue Mountains, 11 

Book-store at Easton, 7 

Bridge, over Delaware, at Eas- 
ton, 4 

Cazenove, Theophile, General 
Agent of The Holland Land 
Co., 1-2 and note; pictures 
beauties of early Easton, 5 ; 
stops at Opp's Hotel, 5-6; de- 
scribes people, buildings and 
economic life of early Easton, 
6-8 

Churches at Easton, in 1794, 6 

Constitution, in 1789, I 

Copp, Chris [J. B. Koppe?], 
printed sermons of, 7 

Court-house at Easton, 6 

Craig, William, prot'honotary, 6 
and note 

Delaware River, bridge over, at 
Easton, 4; transportation on, 
7-8, 9, 12-13 ; dangerous navi- 
gation of, 12 

Easton, early views of, i note ; 
described as beautiful by Tay- 
lor and Cazenove, 5 ; life and 
industries, 6-8; described by 
Rochefoucauld, 8-9; popula- 
tion of, 1790, 9 

Ferry, across Delaware River at 
Easton, 10 



Flour, price of, 7; amount of, 
shipped annually to Philadel- 
phia, 9 

Germany, emigrants from, to 
America, 4 

Golden Swan Hotel, kept by Ja- 
cob Opp at Easton, 5-6 

Grain business and prices, 7-8 

Horses, large, in Pennsylvania, 5 

Ireland, emigrants from, to 
America, 4 

Kentucky, emigrants to, i 

Labor, price of, 8 

Lutheran Church at Easton, 

1794, 6 

Manners and customs, in New 
Jersey, 3-4; in Easton, 6 

Mifflin, Governor Thomas, and 
his party, favor Sitgreaves for 
election to Congress, (y-^ 

Mills, flour, 8, 9, 11 

New Jersey, manners and cus- 
toms in, 3-4; description of 
Belvidere, 13-14 

Newspaper, German, in Easton, 

1794, 7 
Ohio, emigrants to, I, 2 
Opp, Jacob, hotel-keeper, at 

Easton, 5 and note 
Piersol, Mordecai, merchant, 7-8 
Presbyterian Church at Easton, 

1794, 6 
Prices charged at Opp's "Golden 
Swan" Hotel, 5-6; of grain 



17 



i8 



INDEX 



and transportation, 7-8, 13; of 
farm land and town lots, 8 
and note; of labor, 8; of farm 
land and town lots in or near 
Belvidere, 14 

Printing establishment in Eas- 
tern, 7 

Prison at Easton, poor construc- 
tion of, 6 

Religious life of Easton, 6, 7 

Rochefoucauld - Liancourt, due 
de, journey of, in 1797, 2 and 
note; describes life of Easton 
and vicinity, 8-9; journey of, 
from Easton to Belvidere, 11- 
14 

Routes, of early travel, i, 2 ; 
westward from Easton, 10; 
northward, along the Dela- 
ware, lO-II 

Scotch Mountains, 11 



Scotland, emigrants from, to 
America, 4 

Sitgreaves, Samuel, lawyer and 
congressman, 6-7 

Taverns, 2; fine one kept by Ja- 
cob Opp at Easton, 5 ; prices 
charged by, 5-6 

Taylor, Rowse, Quaker emigrant 
to Ohio, 2 and note ; describes 
old bridge over Delaware 
River, 4; pictures beauty of 
primitive Easton, 5 ; praises 
people of Easton, 9 

Tea, given by Mrs. Craig, 6 

Transportation, of products, on 
Delaware River, 7~S, 9, 12-13 

Wages, see Labor 

War of 1812, I 

Water, lack of, near Easton, 10 

Wheat, price of, 7 

Women, difficult life of, in early 
New Jersey, 3-4 



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